We use GIS techniques to map distribution of special-status species, manage databases associated with special-status species occurrences, conduct spatial analyses and calculations, and run suitability models.  GIS techniques are also used for background research to map biological constraints in a project area and to identify special-status species that are known to occur in the vicinity of the project, prior to going into the field.  Handheld GPS units with sub-meter to meter accuracy are used in the field for data collection.